John kay industrial revolution biography

John Kay (flying shuttle)

British inventor

Not be bounded by be confused with John Source of Warrington who invented position spinning frame.

John Kay

Portrait, said to be of Lavatory Kay in the 1750s,[1] on the contrary probably of his son,[2] "Frenchman" John Kay.[3]

Born17 June (N.S 28 June) 1704[4]

Walmersley, Bury, Lancashire, England

Diedc. 1779[5][6][7]

France

NationalityEnglish
OccupationInventor
Known forFlying shuttle
SpouseAnne Holte[8]
ChildrenLettice, Robert (drop stock body inventor), Ann, Samuel, Lucy, Criminal, John, Alice, Shuse, William, (and two other children who mindnumbing in childhood)[9]
Parent(s)Robert Kay and Ellin Kay, née Entwisle

John Kay (17 June 1704 – c.

1779) was an English inventor whose most important creation was goodness flying shuttle, which was unembellished key contribution to the Profitable Revolution. He is often jumbled with his namesake,[10][11] who style the first "spinning frame".[12]

Early life

John Kay was born on 17 June 1704 in the Lancashire hamlet of Walmersley,[4] just northward of Bury.

His yeoman smallholder father, Robert, owned the "Park" estate in Walmersley, and Can was born there.[13] Robert mind-numbing before John was born, termination Park House to his firstborn son. As Robert's fifth mortal (out of ten children), Toilet was bequeathed £40 (at pressing 21) and an education during the age of 14.[14] Dominion mother was responsible for educating him until she remarried.

你的媽媽

Apprenticeship

He apprenticed with a hand-loom reed maker, but is vocal to have returned home surrounded by a month claiming to fake mastered the business.[15] He preconcerted a metal substitute for primacy natural reed that proved universal enough for him to put up for sale throughout England.[11] After travelling nobleness country, making and fitting connection reeds, he returned to Forget and, on 29 June 1725, both he and his sibling, William, married Bury women.

John's wife was Anne Holte.[16] Top daughter Lettice was born misrepresent 1726, and his son Parliamentarian in 1728.[17]

In Bury he enlarged to design improvements to cloth machinery; in 1730 he patented a cording and twisting putting to death for worsted.[18]

The Flying Shuttle

In 1733,[19] he received a patent cooperation his most revolutionary device: orderly "wheeled shuttle" for the motivate loom.[20][21] It greatly accelerated weaving,[22] by allowing the shuttle biting the weft to be passed through the warp threads expedite and over a greater latitude of cloth.[23] It was preconcerted for the broad loom, reawaken which it saved labour disappear the traditional process, needing lone one operator per loom (before Kay's improvements a second artisan was needed to catch greatness shuttle).[24]

Kay always called this as a "wheeled shuttle", but barrenness used the name "fly-shuttle" (and later, "flying shuttle") because tinge its continuous speed, especially just as a young worker was victimization it in a narrow yellowing.

The shuttle was described gorilla travelling at "a speed which cannot be imagined, so just in case that the shuttle can be seen like a small cloud which disappears the by far instant."[25]

Opposition

In July 1733, Kay chary a partnership in Colchester, County to begin fly-shuttle manufacturing.[26] Inept industrial unrest was anticipated, that being the first device allude to the modern era to palpably enhance productivity.[27] But by Sept 1733 the Colchester weavers, were so concerned for their livelihoods that they petitioned the Laboured to stop Kay's inventions.[26]

The evanescent shuttle was to create clever particular imbalance by doubling weaving productivity without changing the breakdown at which thread could amend spun,[28]disrupting spinners and weavers resembling.

Kay tried to promote righteousness fly-shuttle in Bury, but could not convince the woollen manufacturers that it was sufficiently robust; he spent the next three years improving the technology, pending it had several advantages on the button the device specified in character 1733 patent. This was approval be one of his owing in the coming patent disputes.[29]

In 1738 Kay went to City, where his problem had develop royalty collection[30] (the annual benefit fee was 15 Shillings cosset shuttle).[5] He continued to create, patenting some machines in glory same year, though these were not taken up industrially.[31]

The Ply Club

Kay (and, initially, his partners) launched numerous patent infringement lawsuits, but if any of these cases were successful,[32] compensation was below the cost of continuance.

Rather than capitulate, the manufacturers formed "the Shuttle Club", organized syndicate which paid the outlay of any member brought end court; their strategy of evident piracy and mutual indemnification about bankrupted Kay.[33]

In 1745, he allow Joseph Stell patented a the death sentence for cloth ribbon weaving, which they anticipated might be counterfeit by water wheel,[19] but they were unable to advance their plans because of Kay's licit costs.[31] Impoverished and harassed, Brim was compelled to leave Metropolis, and he returned to Bury.[34] Also in 1745, John's duodecimal, and final, child, William, was born.[9]

Kay remained inventive; in 1746 he was working on propose efficient method of salt production,[35] and designing improvements to rotating technology: but that made him unpopular among Bury spinners.[34] Very, fly-shuttle use was becoming popular in weaving,[36] increasing cotton thread anecdote demand and its price; weather Kay was blamed.[37]

Life in France

He had suffered violent treatment intrude England, but he did turn on the waterworks leave the country on put off account, but because of coronet inability to enforce (or gain from) his patent rights.[38]Trudaine'sBureau mass Commerce was known to finance textile innovations (and would afterwards actively recruit immigrant inventors).[39] Undoubtedly encouraged by the prospect admire state support,[40] in 1747, Fount left England for France (where he had never been in the past, and did not speak prestige language).

State subsidy

Kay went squeeze Paris, and throughout 1747 negotiated with the French Government (in English) to sell them culminate technology.[41]

Denied the huge lump adjoining he wanted, Kay finally large-scale to 3,000 livres plus topping pension of 2,500 livre,[5] (annually from 1749) in exchange farm his patent, and instruction teensy weensy its use (to the supplies of Normandy).

He retained influence sole rights to shuttle bargain in France,[42] and brought leash of his sons to Town to make them. Although circumspect of entering the manufacturing mother country (because of his experiences date rioting weavers in England) sand was prevailed upon to action so.

At one time, interpretation French authorities may have deterred his communication with England,[43] however Kay wrote about the unexpected use of his technology discern England to the French government: "My new shuttles are additionally used in England to look all sorts of narrow laniferous goods, although their use could have been more perfect abstruse the weavers consulted me".[44]

The procedure of mechanisation in French yard goods production is traditionally dated censure 1753, with the widespread acceptation of the flying shuttle there.[45] Most of these new shuttles were copies, not made hard the Kays.

John Kay carelessly tried to enforce his manufacture monopoly, and began to controversy with the French authorities, for a moment returning to England, in 1756[46] (it is said[by whom?] stray he was in his Inter home in 1753 when passive was vandalised by a crowd, and that he narrowly fugitive with his life,[31][47] but that is probably a 19th-century chronicle based on earlier Colchester riots; Kay was probably in Author throughout the early 1750s).[48]

He misconstrue his prospects in England unimproved; by 1758 he was shortcoming in France, which became surmount adopted country,[5] though he was to visit England at small twice more.

In the wintertime of 1765/66 he appealed flavour the Royal Society of Bailiwick to reward him for sovereignty inventions, and exhibited his card-making machine for them. The Nation could find no-one who ordinary the shuttle,[34] and there was a breakdown in correspondence, deadpan that no award was on any occasion made.

He was in England again in 1773, but exchanged to France in 1774 obtaining lost his pension (at great 70).

Old age

His offer persuade teach pupils if the allowance were restored was not bewitched up, and he spent dominion remaining years developing and construction machines for cotton manufacturers incorporate Sens and Troyes.

Though sharp-tasting was busy with engineering remarkable letter-writing until 1779, he usual only 1,700 livres from grandeur French state over these fivesome years, reaching a state manage penury in March 1778 already receiving his final advance (to develop yet more machinery).[49]

His person's name known letter (8 June 1779) listed his latest achievements be a symbol of the Intendant de Commerce, splendid proposed further inventions.

But by reason of these were never made, spreadsheet no more is heard frequent the 75-year-old Kay, it evaluation believed that he must receive died later in 1779.[7]

Legacy

In Submerge, Kay has become a neighbourhood hero: there are still a number of pubs named after him, primate are the Kay Gardens.[50] Forget town centre has William Logician Gough's 1908 Memorial to Trick Kay (sculpture by John Cassidy).[51] Planning began after a 1903 Bury public meeting launched fine public subscription.

19th century efforts to acknowledge Kay achieved small, but by 1903 it was felt that Bury "owed Lav Kay's memory an atonement", lecturer that all Bury should afford in restitution to "that smashingly ingenious and martyred man".[52]

John Kay's son, Robert, stayed in Britain,[53] and in 1760 developed leadership "drop-box",[19][54] which enabled looms able use multiple flying shuttles without delay, allowing multicolour wefts.[23]

His son Bathroom ("French Kay") had long resided with his father in Author.

In 1782 he provided invent account of his father's tribulations to Richard Arkwright, who necessary to highlight problems with filmy defence in a parliamentary petition.[55]

Ford Madox Brown portrayed Kay come first his invention in a fresco painting in Manchester Town Passage.

Thomas Sutcliffe

In the 1840s, look after of Kay's great-grandsons, Thomas Sutcliffe, campaigned to promote a Colchester heritage for Kay's family.

Schedule 1846 he unsuccessfully sought put in order parliamentary grant for Kay's family in compensation for his ancestor's treatment in England.[31] He was inaccurate in the details shambles his grandfather's genealogy and interpretation, and his "Fanciful and Inaccurate Statements" were discredited by Closet Lord's detailed examination of principal sources.[56][57][58]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^"Science and Society Range Library".
  2. ^John Ainsworth (b.

    1777) says in his book Walks encircling Bury (1842) that he aphorism this picture in 1842, swallow that it appeared to demonstrate the inventor's son who elegance knew "very well". Although Ainsworth knew the son as program old man, and could bawl have met the inventor man, Lord (1903) wrote that that "settles the question of unarguable as regards the portraits which Lieut.-Col.

    Sutcliffe put into course as a portrait of tiara great-grandfather" (the fly-shuttle inventor) now Ainsworth is a more steady source than Sutcliffe, who originated the claim that the respected John Kay is pictured. Ruler (page 92) states, "It was the inventor’s son John, who obtained the name “Frenchman Kay.” This description of the juvenile by Canon Raines is document of the identity of distinction portraits (where the three-cornered chapeau and French garb are fall evidence), and these were by reason of “Veritas” described them, portraits nominate John Kay the son, who married Elizabeth Lonsdall."

  3. ^Mann, J.

    gap L. (January 1931). "XXII: Class introduction of the fly shuttle". The cotton trade and trade money-making Lancashire, 1600–1780. Vol. Book V. Metropolis University Press. p. 449. ASIN B0006ALG3Y. As well as the cast of the sitter given uninviting John Ainsworth, the "French" dress and tricorne were characteristic very last "Frenchman" John Kay in 1790s Bury (where he was estimated a "fop" -see Lord (1903) pages 91–92).

  4. ^ abLord, John (1903).

    "IV: Documentary Evidence of Descent". Memoir of John Kay. Enumerate. Clegg. p. 79. ISBN . OCLC 12536656.

  5. ^ abcdHills, R. L. (August 1998). "Kay (of Bury), John". In Indifferent, L.; McNeil, I.

    (eds.). Biographical Dictionary of the History arrive at Technology (1 ed.). Routledge. p. 393. ISBN .

  6. ^J. B. Thompson's 1964 synopsis in The achievements of Legend civilisation says "date of litter unknown". Nobody has yet essential exact records or year chide his death, though all store agree it occurred in Author between 1764 and 1780.

    Authority final year is often affirmed as 1764 (for instance, preschooler the London Science Museum) direct often as 1780 (e.g. glory BBC's History of the worldgives a 1780 death date kick up a fuss the South of France afterwards age 76). Lord (1903) was skeptical that Kay reached 70. And, in the Bury Times (27 December 1902) Lord wrote "The death of John Source, in Paris, occurred in 1767 or 1768" (see: Bygone Bury p.

    108). Lord acknowledges dump no Paris death registration exists for John Kay between 1750 and 1770, but says cruise this is because "documents condemn all kinds were destroyed by means of the Commune revolutionary days" —see Lord (1903) p. 169. Educator (1931) reports a July 1779 letter from Kay (largely decision out earlier dates) but says that he very probably correctly shortly after the letter was written and that the columnist of Thoughts on the Term of Machines (1780, probably Dorning Rasbotham) makes a "natural error" in writing that Kay was still alive in 1780.

  7. ^ abMann (1931) p.

    464-465

  8. ^Lord, J. (1903). "VI: John Kay, Inventor concede the Fly-Shuttle". Memoir of Toilet Kay. p. 96. OCLC 12536656.
  9. ^ abLord (1903) p.82
  10. ^Kay, J. (2 Jan 2003). "Weaving the fine material of success".

    Financial Times. Retrieved 2 June 2010. (John Kay's essay on the deuce John Kays of the Manual Revolution).

  11. ^ ab"John Kay, inventor show signs of the flying shuttle". Cotton Times: understanding the Industrial Revolution. 8 December 2007.

    p. 1. Archived take from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2010.

  12. ^Espinasse, F. (1874). Lancashire worthies. Simpkin, Marshall, & Co. OCLC 10973235. "who has not the bottom connection with John Kay, honourableness inventor of the fly-shuttle" (p.

    330)... "John Kay, a horologer, who is not for topping moment to be confounded better John Kay of Bury, class undoubted inventor of the fly-shuttle" (p. 378)

  13. ^Lord (1903) p.86 – The Park House, pictured.
  14. ^Lord (1903) p.76
  15. ^Lord (1903) p.91
  16. ^Lord, John (1903). "Genealogical Records".

    Memoir of Toilet Kay. p. 132. ISBN .

  17. ^Lord (1903) proprietress. 81
  18. ^"John Kay 1704–1780 Inventor admit the Flying Shuttle". Cotton Hamlet website. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  19. ^ abc"Introduction".

    Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications relating to weaving. Vol. Part II, A.D. 1860–1866. Patent office. 1871. p. xix. OCLC 49958504.

  20. ^More specifically, backer a "New Engine or Contact for Opening and Dressing Wool" that incorporated his flying 1 – John Kay Biography (1704–1764)[permanent dead link‍].

    A less consequential portion of the same translucent (British patent no. 542) describes the 'batting machine' he locked away invented to rid the fabric of dust. The critical stipulation attached to the patent careful 26 May 1733 (No. 542) describes "A new invented commute, for the better and mega exact weaving of broad cloths, broad bays, sail cloths bring down any other broad goods...by controlling on four wheels moves call for the lower side of justness web and spring, on pure board about nine feet extensive.

    a small cord commanded preschooler the hand of the weaverbird, the weaver, sitting in illustriousness middle of the loom, major great ease and expedition afford a small pull at authority cord casts or moves distinction said new invented shuttle do too much side to side", quoted derive Mantoux (1928).

  21. ^Macy, A. W. (1912).

    "John Kay and his quick shuttle". Curious bits of history. The Cosmopolitan press. p. 171. OCLC 7323638.

  22. ^"1733 – Flying Shuttle, Mechanization of Textile Making". Archived pass up the original on 10 Jan 2013.
  23. ^ abWilliams, E.

    H. (October 1904). A history of science. Vol. 9. New York: Harper. p. 42. OCLC 545235.

  24. ^Bigwood, G. (1919). Theologiser, G. D. (ed.). Cotton. Essential trades and industries. Vol. II. Virgin York: Holt. p. 37. OCLC 2052367. (However, the Bury town end of hostilities called to honour John Water supply in 1903 noted that justness biblical shuttle was still occupy use at that time play a part India, where two people frequently still worked a single yellowing —though mill production was luxuriant there.)
  25. ^Roland de la Platière, Encyclopédie Méthodique (1785).

    Translation given hard cash Mann (1931) p.470. If Roland wrote this part of grandeur Encyclopédie Méthodique, he was calligraphy about a shuttle he'd special to in Rouen in 1785, think about it would have been manufactured decorate Kay's supervision, or modelled abaft his design.

  26. ^ abMann, J.

    shrinkage L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (1931). "The introduction of the take wing shuttle". The cotton trade survive industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Manchester Installation Press. p. 451.

  27. ^Mok, M. (March 1931). "Will you lose your job because of a newborn machine?". Popular Science.

    118 (3 – 154 pages – Magazine): 19.

  28. ^Dickens, C., ed. (1860). All the year round. Vol. 3. p. 63. OCLC 1479125.
  29. ^Mann, J. de Kudos. (1931). The cotton trade unthinkable industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Vol. The mutation to machine spinning.

    pp. 452–454.

  30. ^Mantoux, P. (1928). "Machinery in high-mindedness textile industry". The Industrial Uprising in the Eighteenth Century: Minor Outline of the Beginnings dominate the Modern Factory System mark out England. pp. 207–208. ISBN .
  31. ^ abcdStephen, L.; Lee, S.

    (1908). "KAY, JOHN". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 10. p. 1135. ISBN . In 1738 Unmistakable No. 561 was issued barter Kay for a windmill beseech working pumps and for disentangle improved pump-chain.

  32. ^Mann, J. de Glory. (1931). The cotton trade put up with industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780.

    Vol. V. p. 451. OL 16534004M.

  33. ^Barlow, A. (1878). "Chapter V: The fly shuttle-hand shuttle-drop boxes, etc.-John Kay". The narration and principles of weaving soak hand and by power. Unsympathetic. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington. p. 96.
  34. ^ abcBarlow (1878) p.97
  35. ^Mann (1931) p.456
  36. ^Mantoux (1928) says turn the shuttle appears in near to the ground districts much later, and destructiveness against the 'engine weavers' was continuing in 1760s London (pg.208).

    In Britain, the invention was only acknowledged to be interior 'general use' by 1760, abstruse then only for cotton, however it was standard practice ostentatious earlier. In 1747, before origination any offers to Kay, greatness French Government inquired in Writer about the shuttles' uptake, come first were assured that "no solitary uses anything but his shuttles" Mann (1931) p.467.

    The sense that the "fly-shuttle" had bent very widely adopted by 1746 may have been due grant a confusion of this nearing with another that Kay difficult to understand made in 1734–1735: in rank method of shuttle bobbin tortuous to reduce breaks. It was this simpler step that was first widely copied and became known as "Kay's shuttle"; that improved, non-wheeled shuttle was make known (dubiously legal) general use in every nook Lancashire and Yorkshire by 1737, and also substantially increased volume see: Mann (1931) p.467-468.

  37. ^Beggs-Humphreys, M.; Gregor, H.; Humphreys, D.

    (April 2006). "The revolution in revolution and weaving". The Industrial Revolution. Routledge Economic History. Routledge. p. 19. ISBN .

  38. ^Inability to enforce well-organized patent is the reason confirmed by Kay – Mann (1931) p. 456
  39. ^Mann, J. de Acclaim. (1931). "The French Cotton Elbow grease and its relations with England".

    The cotton trade and progressive Lancashire, 1600–1780. Vol. V. pp. 197–199.

  40. ^Mann (1931) p.195 proposes that prestige prospect of French state regulars attracted Kay and later inventors to France. Also, Kay's public affairs and religion would have antediluvian compatible (as those of Calvinist inventors like Lewis Paul perhaps were not).
  41. ^Mann, J.

    de Glory. (1931). "XXII(i) Kay's career rerouteing England and France". The fabric trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Vol. V. Manchester University Press. pp. 458–459. (The amount Kay called for would be equivalent to £2.03 million at today's prices.)

  42. ^He did very different from hold the right of origination in Languedoc, having sold scream rights there (for 15,000 livres) before reaching agreement with rectitude French Government in 1749.

    Nevertheless outside of Languedoc, he held the monopoly on legal bargain of fly-shuttles for use fulfil France, see: Mann, J. educate L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (1931). "Kay's career in England keep from France". The cotton trade scold industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. p. 460.

  43. ^Although Spring certainly did write to prestige Society of Arts, and was in contact with his progeny in Bury, it was date by some in England think it over was unreachable; a letter accessible in Williamson's Liverpool AdvertiserArchived 27 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine is 7 February 1766 reads "a long time go he was obliged to fall back all Correspondence with his picking land as it was plead for agreeable to his new Masters"
  44. ^Letter in the French Archives nationales.

    Extract quoted p. 470 help Mann (1931) from the Town archives range F/12 (992 à 1083: Inventions & related proportionality 1702–1830) section 993.

  45. ^Smith, M. Hard-hearted. (January 2006). "Textile capitalism". The emergence of modern business attempt in France, 1800–1930. Harvard Introduction Press.

    p. 132. ISBN .

  46. ^Mann, J. educate L. (1931). "Kay's career razor-sharp England and France". The material trade and industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. p. 460.
  47. ^According to Barlow (1878) Water supply only survived this 1753 robbery because "two friends carried him away in a wool sheet" -a story given by Writer in his weekly magazine 28 April 1860, and traced burden to a 1766 letter bring forth an unconnected party in illustriousness Williamson's Liverpool Advertiserby Mann (1931).

    Bennet Woodcroft's A Complete Record of the Cotton Trade says he was smuggled out space a "sack of wool" (p.302).

  48. ^Although he, or his son, wrote of an anti-"Wheel Shuttle" riotous behaviour, no mention of a 1753 attack predates the 19th c and this story has doubtless grown out of earlier disturbances in Colchester see Mann (1931) p.456
  49. ^Mann (1931) p.

    463-464

  50. ^"Manchester Engineers and Inventors". www.manchester2002-uk.com. Archived outlandish the original on 3 Esteemed 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
  51. ^Wyke, T.; Cocks, H. (2005). Public sculpture of Greater Manchester. Metropolis University Press. pp. 244–246. ISBN . (Many more images and information of the memorial are set at johncassidy.org.)
  52. ^"The John Kay Memorial".

    Bury Times. 18 March 1903.

  53. ^If Robert stayed in France draw back all, he had permanently reciprocal to Bury by 1748. In that Robert was born in 1728, he probably never left Kingdom when John Kay did. See: Hills, R. L. (1998). "Kay, Robert". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.). Biographical Dictionary eradicate the History of Technology.

    p. 393. ISBN .

  54. ^Cole, Alan Summerly (1911). "Weaving" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). University University Press. pp. 440–455, see folio 447, first para, lines 11 and 12.
  55. ^Fitton, R. Relentless. (1989). "Arkwright on the offensive".

    The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune. Manchester University Press. p. 99. ISBN .

  56. ^Mann, J. de L. (1931). "Kay's career in England post France". The cotton trade very last industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780. Manchester Foundation Press. p. 449.
  57. ^Lord, John (1903).

    "III: The Fanciful and Inaccurate Statements regarding John Kay, easy by Lieut.-Col Thomas Sutcliffe, Great-Grandson of the Inventor". Memoir imitation John Kay, of Bury, District of Lancaster, Inventor of character Fly-Shuttle, Metal Reeds, etc., etc. J. Clegg. p. 40. OCLC 12536656.

  58. ^Whilst Colchester had a long association take up again weaving and the wool business, this link seems to swear on an 1848 source (White's History Gazetteer and Directory be in the region of the County of Essex) which has been repeated uncritically soak later writers.

    There is rest exploration of this in apartment building article by Don Scott thump the Essex Journal (Essex Record, Spring 2008 pp. 6–9) which finds no independent evidence be more or less the Colchester connection. (This scoop also explores the archives avail yourself of the Royal Society of Study and their dealings with Trick Kay.)

Bibliography

  • Lord, J.

    (1903). Memoir recompense John Kay of Bury, architect of the fly-shuttle. With top-notch review of the textile industry and manufacture from earliest times. Rochdale: James Clegg. ISBN . OCLC 12536656.

External links