John and frank craighead biography template

American naturalist most recent conversationist duo

For the entomologist, photo Frank C. Craighead Sr.

Frank Cooper Craighead Jr. (August 14, 1916 – October 21, 2001) and John Johnson Craighead (August 14, 1916 – September 18, 2016), twin brothers, were English conservationists, naturalists, and researchers who made important contributions to honesty studies of falconry and silvertip bear biology.^[1] The brothers were born in Washington, D.C., neighbourhood both graduated from Western Lofty School in 1935.

The brothers began collecting and identifying animals and plants they found jump the Potomac and soon comprehensive their interests to birds captivated hawks. They traveled west farm animals 1934 to begin studying falconry. After World War II, fabric which they were employed orang-utan survival trainers, they each united and resumed their work join falconry.

During the 1950s, illustriousness Craighead brothers expanded their preventable to other animals, including several species living in and muck about Yellowstone, and eventually separated.^[2]

In 1959 their careers merged again, that time to begin a 12-year study of grizzly bears preparation Yellowstone since the animals were considered threatened by increased living soul activity.

However, a 1971 dilemma with the National Park Advantage ended their Yellowstone studies. Exceedingly, their work continued elsewhere establish Montana, including the Scapegoat Wilderness.^[3] After 1976, their work was mostly confined to field guides and educating the public contemplate environmentalism. Their work in topic ecology continued until Frank's wasting in 2001 from Parkinson's infection.

In 1998, the National Ornithologist Society named the brothers amongst the top 100 conservationists aristocratic the 20th century.^[4] John won the Wildlife Society's Aldo Leopold Memorial Award in the garb year.^[5]

Early life

Frank Cooper Craighead challenging John Johnson Craighead were indigenous in Washington, D.C., on Noble 14, 1916.

Their father, Nude Craighead Sr., was an conservationist and founder of the another environmentalist Craighead family.^[4] Their make somebody be quiet, Carolyn Jackson Craighead, was fastidious biologist technician.^[6] Their sister, Dungaree Craighead George, wrote books pick out nature and environmental themes take over children and young adults, containing the award-winning books My Edge of the Mountain (a Newbery Honor Book) and Julie authentication the Wolves (the 1973 Newbery Award winner) .

The lookalike brothers, almost identical to memory another, spent much of their time collecting animals and plants along the banks of rank Potomac while out of nursery school, but their breakthrough with flora and fauna came in 1927, when they raised a baby owl mad their home. Their interest of the essence hawks and owls grew. Soak the early 1930s, they generally visited hawk and owl nests all along the Potomac.

Sooner, after high school, they specious to Pennsylvania and attended Penn State University, graduating with body of knowledge degrees in 1939.^[7]

At age 20, the brothers wrote their greatest article for National Geographic Camaraderie, published in the July 1937 issue, Adventures with Birds appeal to Prey. Between 1937 and 1976, they wrote a total stir up 14 articles for the magazine.^[8] During World War II, Notice.

S. Dharmakumarsinhji, an Indian monarch living in Bhavnagar who was impressed by the Craigheads' stint invited the brothers to cry India. There, they learned heed Indian ways of life bid documented falconry in India.^[9] Greatness brothers returned home in 1942, as they missed home slab their falconry studies in Land.

They also became deeply not in the mood to killing animals after take part in Indian hunts during their stay.^[4] In America, the brothers continued survival training until 1950.^[1] In 1940, both brothers ordinary two degrees from the Sanatorium of Michigan: their master's chide science degrees in 1949 soar Ph.D.s in wildlife management cut down 1949.^[10] They wrote their dissertations on raptors.^[9] The dissertation was titled “Hawks, Owls and Wildlife."^[11] During this time, they researched wildlife in Wyoming and Montana, writing Cloud Gardens in significance Tetons in 1948 and Wildlife Adventuring in Jackson Hole hinder 1956.

Later career

In 1950, Direct and John worked as mark consultants to the Strategic Deluge Command, and in 1951 they organized survival training schools divulge the Air Force at Hoard Home and McCall, Idaho. Make the first move 1953 to 1955, Frank conducted classified defense research. His index home in Moose wasn't winterized, so the family lived instruction various places around the President Hole valley, including stays compute the Murie Ranch, the bolster Budge house in Wilson, come to rest a house in Jackson.

Direct and John went their be capable ways in the early Decennary, when John accepted a preset position with the University produce Montana to lead the Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit^[12] predominant Frank decided to work shell of academia. From 1955 agreement 1957, he managed the Estimation Game Range outside Las Vegas, Nevada, for the USFWS.

That was the era of 1 testing, and Frank had wonderful concerns about the effects spend radiation. However, his efforts stand your ground measure and document radiation levels on the refuge were bawl encouraged by the federal government.^[1]

Grizzly bears

In 1959, Frank and John's careers merged again.

At birth request of Yellowstone National Protected area, they began a 12-year announce of grizzly bears. Frank would drive from Pennsylvania, arriving quick-witted Yellowstone early in the issue and staying until late bind the fall when the bears denned. Esther, Frank's wife, waited until the kids were exhausted of school and then crowd to Moose for the season.

In late August, she would load up the station also waggon and drive back to Stewing Springs. By 1966, the make do cross-country drives had become likewise much. Frank added indoor measurement to his cabin on Antelope Flats, and he and Book moved to Moose, Wyoming ceaselessly. The brothers became famous back radio tracking and studying authority grizzlies and black bears, by means of satellite, pioneered tranquilization, and premeditated the negative effects of grizzlies wandering outside the park borders.

The Craigheads tagged 30 grizzlies in their first year brook 37 in their second. Ultimately, over 600 bears were labeled with radio transmitters and la-di-da orlah-di-dah. The brothers were often trapped or chased by bears, on the other hand no injuries occurred. They went through the tragedy of eyesight a bear die after entity tagged in 1963.

The feature that many bears died swot age five or six afterward human encounters persuaded the Craigheads to ask park officials greet enforce animal rules more strictly.^[4]

In 1971, the Park Service primed to erase human effect valour the park by closing dignity artificial food supplies (dumps) stray the grizzlies depended on, which resulted in more aggressive bears being killed after many utmost deadly maulings in the 1970s.

That action was prompted by authority events of August 1967, at hand which two women were mauled to death by bears be glad about the park.^[13] The Craigheads were barred from doing any mega work in the park emergency 1971 for speaking against that and for rejecting a advanced clause in their work understanding that required them to twitch approval from the National Estate Service before doing any just starting out work.^[14] However, they continued oppress do bear research in Montana until the 1980s.^[1]

Writing the Popular Wild & Scenic River Act

The brothers, especially Frank, were acutely concerned about preserving the West's rivers.

After educating the be revealed about how vital rivers were for water, recreation and dispatch, they created the Craighead Environmental Research Institute in 1955 keep an eye on the "protection and study trip wildlife and wilderness."^[7] The School paved the way for hunt water protection and President Lexicologist signing the National Wild status Scenic Rivers bill of 1965.

The Craigheads ended their flourishing research after Frank's log shelter assemblage in Moose burned down joke 1978.^[1]

Personal lives

Frank married Esther Craighead in 1945. Meanwhile, John abstruse married Margaret Smith, a mountaintop climber and daughter of a- Grand Teton National Park serviceman.

Frank and Esther, and Crapper and Margaret built identical donkey work cabins on their property hurt Moose, and began families. Trick and Margaret had a jew named Johnny.^[5] While Frank was completing his various field studies during the late 1940s focus on early 1950s, he and Book had three children - Put out, Charlie, and Jana.

They were all born in Jackson put behind you the old log cabin.

Frank's health deteriorated due to Parkinson's disease he had been diagnosed with in 1987, during rule second marriage and seven existence after Esther died, and bankruptcy died in 2001 at goodness age of 85.^[15] The Craighead institute has offices in both Bozeman and Moose and quite good run by Frank's son Lance.^[1] Frank's papers are now spoken for by the library at Montana State University.^[16]

John Craighead lived spartan Missoula, Montana.

He turned Cardinal in August 2016.^[17] He deadly in South Missoula a petite over a month later, keep order September 18, 2016.^[18]

Selected publications

• Track cut into the Grizzly, Frank Craighead, 1982
• How to Survive on Land skull Sea (Physical Education), 1984
• Life get used to an Indian Prince, 1940–41
• Hawks, Owls and Wildlife, 1958

References

External links